![]() ![]() The increased awareness of corruption was widespread and shared across professional, political, and geographical borders. Those effects claimed by Annan could be proven by a variety of empirical studies, as reported by Juli Bacio Terracino. In the 1990s corruption was increasingly perceived to have a negative impact on economy, democracy, and the rule of law, as was pointed out by Kofi Annan. ( August 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message) You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. ![]() The examples and perspective in this section may not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Especially in diplomacy and for international trade purposes, corruption remained a generally accepted phenomenon of the political and economic life throughout the 19th and big parts of the 20th century. ![]() With the popularization of the concept of public interest and the development of a professional bureaucracy in the 19th century offices became perceived as trusteeships instead of property of the office holder, leading to legislation against and a negative perception of those additional forms of corruption. Embezzlement, cronyism, nepotism, and other strategies of gaining public assets by office holders were not yet constructed as unlawfully or immoral, as positions of power were regarded a personal possession rather than an entrusted function. The described legal and moral stances were exclusively addressing bribery but were not concerned with other aspects that are considered corruption in the 21st century. In ancient times, moral principles based on religious beliefs were common, as several major religions, such as Buddhism, Christianity, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and Taoism condemn corrupt conduct in their respective religious texts. by a decree issued by emperor Constantine in 331. During the time of the Roman empire corruption was also inhibited, e.g. All of those early texts are condemning bribes in order to influence the decision by civil servants, especially in the judicial sector. 1300 BC), and the Arthasastra (2nd century BC) are among the earliest written proofs of anti-corruption efforts. 1754 BC), the Great Edict of Horemheb ( c.
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